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2021 Virtual Abstracts from the Joint CAPD/ACDP - AAPD VIrtual Conference

The 2021 Presenters and Topics 

• Dr. Erin Goertzen, "Investigating the learning curve in dental caries diagnosis from children;s bitewing radiographs amongst dental trainees".
• Dr. Melika Modabber, "Qualitative study of children’s dental experiences and ways to improve them"
• Dr. Ayala Rubin, "Nitrous Oxide Delivery Systems in Dentistry: A Critical Review"
• Dr. Zahra Samji, "Investigating Taurodontism in an Adolescent Population Using Dental Panoramic Radiographs.
• Dr. Jessica Tam, Chinese-Canadian Parents’ Attitude Towards General Anesthesia for Pediatric Dental Treatment.

 

Dr. Erin Goertzen

Investigating the learning curve in dental caries diagnosis from children's bitewing radiographs amongst dental trainees

Goertzen E1,2, Boutis K3, Perschbacher K2,4, Barrett EJ1,2, Casas MJ1,2.
1 Discipline of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
2 Department of Dentistry, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
3 Division of Emergency Medicine, ImageSim, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
4 Discipline of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.

Background: Accurate radiographic diagnosis of interproximal dental caries is a key competency for dentists treating children. To date, no study investigating competency of Canadian and international dental students in radiographic diagnosis of interproximal dental caries in children exists. Computer-assisted learning (CAL) programs have shown to improve learning in medical education and may demonstrate similar positive effects in dental education. To our knowledge, there are currently no CAL programs that incorporate the diagnosis of interproximal dental caries in the primary dentition.

Objectives: To develop an interactive CAL tool designed to measure the amount and rate of skill acquisition and improve diagnosis of interproximal dental caries in children’s bitewing radiographs amongst undergraduate dental students, post-graduate pediatric dentistry residents and general practice trainees.

Methods: This was a multicenter prospective cross-sectional study. We enrolled undergraduate dental students in their second, third, or fourth year of study, graduate pediatric dentistry residents, and general practice trainees in accredited dental programs in Canada and Australia. Study participants learned to interpret children’s bitewing radiographs on a web-based platform by deliberately practicing 193 cases with the goal of achieving a mastery learning standard of 75% accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity. Participants identified the presence/absence of dental caries, and if present, were tasked to identify the specific location of all interproximal dental caries on the radiograph. A sample size of 95 was determined using a McNemar test power analysis.

Results: To date, there are 59 participants enrolled, 37 of which have started doing cases. From these 37 participants, 8021 cases have been completed, and three participants achieved the competency standard (example participant data, Figure 1). After data collection is complete, we will calculate the diagnostic performance change from initial to peak accuracy, specificity, and sensitivity across all study participants and compare performance trends. We will also report the number of cases completed to achieve the mastery learning standard.

Conclusion: Employing the technique of deliberate practice with this CAL tool has demonstrated feasibility and may prove as a useful adjunct to traditional educational methods for diagnosis of interproximal dental caries in children’s bitewing radiographs.

Dr. Melika Modabber

Qualitative study of children’s dental experiences and ways to improve them

Author: Melika Modabber D.M.D, MSc candidate University of Toronto

Supervisors:   Dr. L. Dempster PhD, University of Toronto,.  Dr. A. Taddio PhD, University of Toronto

Thesis Committee: Dr. C. Meghan McMurtry PhD, University of Guelph, Dr. K. Campbell, MSc., D.D.S MSc., F.R.C.D.(c), University of Toronto

Background:  Currently, limited data exists pertaining to childrens’ perceived dental experiences, and what can be done to enhance such dental experiences. Understanding this knowledge gap is critical to establish more patient-centered dental care.

Objectives: Using one-on-one interviews, this qualitative study sought to evaluate children’s perceptions about their dental experiences and explore their ideas about how to improve their experiences using the CARD™ system adapted for the context of dentistry.

Methods: Virtual video interviews were conducted with patients aged 8-12 years. A purposive sample of patients receiving comprehensive care in the last 12-months (Nov 2019-2020) at the Pediatric Dental Clinic at the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto was obtained. Powerpoint slides were used to orient participants to aspects of dental visits and procedures. Children’s perceptions of various dental treatments and ways to enhance those experiences were elicited through semi-structured interview questions. A modified CARD™ system was introduced and its role in improving various dental experiences was evaluated. CARD™ (Comfort, Ask, Relax, Distract) is a patient-centred framework used to promote coping as evaluated previously during vaccinations. Data were analyzed using Inductive Thematic Analysis as described by Braun and Clarke (2006), whereby major themes were constructed based on recurrent patterns identified within the data.

Results: To date, nine children have been interviewed. Their dental experiences ranged from routine preventive treatments (i.e. cleaning) to invasive procedures (i.e. administration of local anesthesia [LA]). These children perceived non-invasive procedures to be “fine”, “enjoyable”, and “uneventful”. Conversely, invasive procedures were considered “painful”, and “uncomfortable”. Major themes constructed from the data include the importance of parental presence and effective communication by dental professionals. Children experienced reduced anxiety if they perceived their dentist to be empathic and warm, with an open, honest communication style. In contrast, poor communication and impatience negatively influenced the dental experience. Patients were highly receptive of the CARD™ system to help them cope with dental treatment, particularly during invasive dental procedures. Within CARD™, participants preferred to employ Comfort, Relax (deep belly breathing), and Distract interventions (audio-visual distractions) as techniques to mitigate dental anxiety and optimize their dental experience. Children preferred information sharing about the CARD™ system prior to future appointments by their parents or dental providers.

Conclusions:  This study suggests that children have multifaceted views towards their dental treatment and are highly receptive to the CARD™ system as an intervention to enhance their dental experiences.

Reference:

Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research In Psychology, 3(2), 77-101.

Dr. Ayala Rubin

Nitrous Oxide Delivery Systems in Dentistry: A Critical Review

Ayala Rubin, BA, DDS 

Supervisor: Carilynne Yarascavitch, B.Sc., D.D.S., M.Sc., Dip. A.D.B.A.

Introduction; Nitrous oxide and oxygen sedation (NOS) is used extensively in dentistry today as a common form of minimal sedation for adult and paediatric patients undergoing dental procedures. As nitrous oxide is both a green-house gas and an occupational hazard, it is important to conserve nitrous oxide and avoid leaks into the surrounding environment. There are a number of design factors that can be implemented into a nitrous oxide and oxygen device to optimize delivery, including the way the gas is released from the tanks, the scavenging unit, and the mask used for the patient to inhale the gasses. A critical review was undertaken to reflect on the current gas delivery mechanisms available for NOS in medical and dental settings and to highlight knowledge gaps that can be improved by further research in the dental setting.

Body of Presentation; Inclusion and exclusion criteria were defined, and a search strategy was developed. Final searches of Medline, Embase and Web of Science were conducted on June 30, 2021, resulting in 1056 articles retrieved. Title and abstract screening, followed by full-text review, resulted in a total of 111 articles being included for this review. The medical literature demonstrated that demand-driven NOS devices (where inspiration releases the gasses) are widely used in adult populations, and that continuous-flow NOS devices (where gasses are released continuously) are commonly used in the pediatric population. In contrast, the dental literature reports continuous-flow NOS devices almost exclusively. Both the medical and dental literature discuss the importance of scavenging to prevent occupational nitrous oxide exposure, and advise use of a double-mask to avoid leakage. This presentation will review these delivery systems and considerations for their use.

Summary; NOS is used extensively in both medical and dental settings. Knowledge of the delivery system used, ideal scavenging, and consideration for a demand-driven delivery device in dentistry can help providers optimize nitrous oxide in their practices.

 

 

Dr. Zahra Samji

Investigating Taurodontism in an Adolescent Population Using Dental Panoramic Radiographs

Samji Z, MacDonald D. (The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada)

Objectives: Taurodontism was thought to be associated mainly with oro-facial syndromes but studies in normal Chinese and Brazilian adult populations shown that this trait is relatively common. We hypothesize that taurodontism is a variation of normal root morphology that may be present in an adolescent population as an incidental finding.

Methods: Digital dental panoramic radiographs (DPRs) taken of 124 adolescents aged between 15 and 20 years old (male: female ratio; 59:65), attending the University of British Columbia’s Faculty of Dentistry Clinic between July 2006 and June 2019 were examined. Unrestored first and second permanent molars with closed apices were measured digitally and a taurodont ratio index was obtained using the Shifman and Chanannel criteria.

Results: The total number of teeth examined was 992 and the proportion of taurodont teeth was 17%. Of the 124 cases, 68 had at least one taurodont tooth. There were 43 cases with bilateral taurodont teeth. Taurodontism had a higher predilection for females (63%) as compared to males (46%). This difference was statistically significant for all molars with a P value ranging from P = .003 to P = .043 except for the upper left second permanent molar (tooth 27) and the lower left second permanent molar (tooth 37). The extent of taurodontism was mostly mild (53%).

Conclusions: Our results suggest that mild taurodontism is relatively common in the local adolescent population similar to what was reported elsewhere. The ability to identify these teeth and diagnose them early can help inform treatment planning decisions.

 

 

Dr. Jessica Tam

Chinese-Canadian Parents’ Attitude Towards General Anesthesia for Pediatric Dental Treatment

Tam J1, Donnelly L1, von Bergmann HC1, Mathu-Muju K1
1Department of Oral Biological & Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (UBC)

 

Objectives: Obtaining informed consent for dental rehabilitation under general anesthesia (GA) for young children with extensive treatment needs is a patient-centered process involving shared decision-making with the family. However, due to intercultural differences, this may present challenges with immigrant families who may not be familiar with North American consent processes and standards of care. This study aimed to explore the barriers and facilitators to immigrant Chinese parents’ provision of informed consent for the use of GA to manage the behaviour of pre-cooperative children with extensive dental treatment needs.

Methods: A semi-structured, open-ended questionnaire utilizing vignettes was developed to guide the interview process with immigrant Chinese parents of young children presenting for dental care in Vancouver, Canada. Interviews were conducted in Mandarin and subsequently transcribed, translated, and coded; thematic analysis determined emerging themes.

Results: Six major themes emerged from 12 interviews: parental expectations of young children’s ability to cooperate for extensive dental treatment; differences in intercultural perspectives around the need to protect a child’s developing psyche; parental concerns about safety and possible adverse impacts on neurodevelopment; influence of parental knowledge of oral health in the primary dentition; influence of economic factors on providing informed consent; influence of ethnic Chinese cultural values on the informed consent process.

Conclusions: The results of this study suggests that differing intercultural expectations related to oral health care for children may present significant barriers to obtaining informed consent for dental rehabilitation under GA for Chinese-Canadian parents. It also emphasizes the importance to discuss potential adverse outcomes associated with GA at the parent consultation appointment. In order to empower the family to make the best informed decision, dentists should consider the acculturation discrepancy of immigrant families to ensure the optimal overall health of the child/family.

2020 Abstracts, Virtual, in light of the cancellation of the Whistler, BC Annual Conference

Nashat Cassim, University of Toronto The Experience and Perceptions of Dental Students in Treating Adults with Developmental Disabilities Nashat Cassim1, Maria Mylopoulos2, Karen Campbell1, Laura Dempster1 1Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto; 2 Wilson Center for Research in Education, United Health Network (UHN), University of Toronto CLICK TO VIEW THE RECORDING OF DR. CASSIM'S PRESENTATION AT THE 2020 VIRTUAL 3M GRADUATE STUDENT RESEARCH PRESENTATIONS Objectives:  Adults with Developmental Disabilities (AWDDs) experience a higher prevalence and severity of dental diseases. This can be attributed partly to barriers to access to care, one of which is the limited training of dentists. The objective of this study is to investigate the perceptions of dental student with regards to treating AWDDs, as well as their experience in doing so during their rotation to Mount Sinai Hospital dental clinic. Methods:  A qualitative approach was used to elucidate the experiences and perceptions of dental students with regards to treating AWDDs. To gain a better understanding of these concepts three groups were interviewed in a semi-structured fashion: experts who extensively work with AWDDs (expert group), students who had no clinical training to treat AWDDs (disconfirming sample), and students who had completed their clinical training to treat AWDDs (confirming sample). Interviews were conducted in-person or via video call in a one-on-one manner. Interviews were transcribed, coded, and analyzed for themes (NC, LD, MM). Results:  A total of 14 interviews were completed. Experts described their motivations for working with AWDDs (i.e. personal gratification, seeking a challenge, and health advocacy/social responsibility). Disconfirming and confirming samples highlighted the impact of the informal curriculum on forming their expectations of working with AWDDs as well as the increased importance of clinical training compared to didactic in the development of their skills and expectations. Disconfirming and confirming samples identified the challenges of working with AWDDs (i.e. barriers to care, recognizing limitations, inadequate training, and a fear of providing inadequate care). The confirming sample described the rotation as a transformative learning experience that instilled a sense of health advocacy and social responsibility in them. The confirming sample described the development of interpersonal skills, adaptability and efficiency, which were skills the experts felt were important to successfully work with AWDDs. The confirming sample and experts differed on their opinion of the relative importance of the skills they developed, with students placing more importance on technical skills and experts on interpersonal skills. Conclusions:  This study provides insight into the experience of dental students during their training to treat AWDDs. The alignment between the skills students developed and the skills experts described as important suggests that the clinical training is adequate. The difference in perceived relative importance of skills between the students and experts demonstrates a need to adjust the curriculum to align these perceptions and the possible influence of the hidden curriculum. Hamideh Alai-Towfigh, University of Manitoba Canadian Dentists’ Views on the First Dental Visit and Early Childhood Oral Health Hamideh Alai-Towfigh, BSc, DMD, MDent (c), Robert J Schroth, DMD, MSc, PhD Funding provided by the Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry Endowment Fund CLICK TO VIEW THE RECORDING OF DR. ALAI-TOWFIGH'S PRESENTATION AT THE 2020 VIRTUAL 3M GRADUATE STUDENT RESEARCH PRESENTATIONS Objectives: Early first dental visits set children on the proper trajectory for a lifetime of optimal oral health. The purpose of this study is to undertake secondary analysis of data obtained from a national survey of Canadian dentists to determine their knowledge, attitudes and behaviors relating to the first dental visit. Methods: In 2013, the Canadian Dental Association (CDA) undertook a national survey of its members. General and pediatric dentists received an email invitation to complete an electronic survey. This survey questioned dentists about their knowledge, attitudes and behaviors regarding the timing of the first dental visit and early childhood oral health. The survey also collected demographic and practice characteristics of respondents. Statistical analyses included descriptive and bivariate statistics. A p-value ≤ 0.05 was significant. Ethics approval was obtained from the University of Manitoba’s Health Research Ethics Board. The CDA also provided approval for this study. Results: Overall, 2,504 dentists participated (17.0% response rate), 58.5 % male, 20.6±12.8 years in practice, 96.6 % general dentists, and 49.5% practicing in a metropolitan centre. On average, dentists recommended a first visit by 20.4 ±10.8 months. Only 45.6% recommended a first visit ≤ 12 months of age, while 54.4% recommended over the age of 12 months. The majority of respondents (59.5%) knew the age being recommended for a first dental visit by professional dental organizations. A vast majority (74.2 %) had seen a patient who was less than 12 months of age, but did not typically see a child this young (82.3 %). More than half (55.3 %) of dentists who reported not seeing patients by 12 months of age, referred them to a colleague who was willing to do so. Almost all respondents (94.8%) actively discussed early childhood dental care with their patients and also provided parents with information on how to care for their child’s teeth. Analysis is ongoing and will investigate provider characteristics associated with seeing children by the first birthday milestone. Conclusions: Our findings reveal that many dentists do not recommend first visits by 12 months of age despite it being the CDA’s position. Data can assist in informing targeted educational campaign on early childhood oral health to dentists. This study will also serve as a baseline for future investigations into changes in dentists’ practice behaviors.

2019 Abstracts, Ottawa, Ontario

Dr. Ashley Gill, University of Washington

Comparison of Three Esthetic Full-coverage Restorations in Primary Maxillary Incisors

Ashley Gill DMD, Mariella Garcia DDS, Se Won An BSc, JoAnna Scott PhD, Ana L. Seminario DDS, PhD, MPH (University of Washington, Seattle, Washington)

Objective: To compare the 12-month clinical outcomes of primary maxillary incisors restored with composite strip crowns (CSCs), NuSmile Preveneered Stainless Steel Crowns (PVSSCs), and NuSmile Zirconia Crowns (ZCs).

Methods: The University of Washington (UW) Human Subjects Review Board (STUDY00003980) approved this single-center, single-blinded, randomized controlled clinical trial. There was financial support from NuSmile (Houston, Texas, USA). The terms of this arrangement have been reviewed and approved by the UW Human Subjects Review Board in accordance with its policy on objectivity in research. One hundred and thirty-five (N=135) teeth in 47 children aged two to four years with ECC were randomly assigned to one of the three crown groups and were available at follow-up. Demographic and tooth-related variables at baseline and at 12 months were assessed by calibrated examiners. Fisher’s exact or Chi-square tests were used to test associations (P<.05).

Results: Children were on average 3.4 years, female (55%), and had a mean dmft of 10.6. At 12 months, crown retention was significantly lower for CSCs than PVSSCs or ZCs (79% vs 100% and 95%, P=.002). Partial and complete loss of esthetic facing was significantly higher in CSCs than PVSSCs or ZCs (29% vs 11% and 0%, P<.001). Teeth restored with composite presented with an increased rate of marginal discrepancies and color change (P<.001). Parental dissatisfaction of the crowns was most often related to color (83%), whereby 63% were dissatisfied with CSCs, and 37% with PVSSCs, while no parents were concerned with the color of ZCs (P=0.005). The remainder of parental esthetic dissatisfaction regarded shape and alignment of ZCs (P=0.007).

Conclusions: Clinical outcomes were significantly different among CSCs, PVSSCs, and ZCs at 12 months. CSCs showed significantly reduced clinical success in regard to retention, facing integrity, marginal adaptation, and color compared to PVSSCs or ZCs. Overall parental esthetic satisfaction was highest for ZCs.

 

Dr. Pauline Lee, University of British Columbia

University of British Columbia Children’s Dental Program – A Retrospective Study, Lee PSJ, Aleksejuniene J (University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC)

Objective: Many dental schools contribute to public health through free or reduced-fee treatment for underserved pediatric populations. The University of British Columbia (UBC) Faculty of Dentistry’s students provide dental care to pediatric patients through a bussing program known as the Children’s Dental Program (CDP), which transports children from areas outside of Vancouver city limits to UBC for free care. The purpose of this study was to quantify the scope of the CDP by reviewing the populations serviced and dental treatment provided over the past 21 years.

Methods: De-identified data was retrieved from UBC’s axiUm Dental Software database, including demographic information and treatment procedures performed. The first three digits of the patients’ postal codes were used to create choropleth maps using QGIS Software. The treatment procedures were organized into ten categories, including preventive and restorative. The 21-year period was split into 4 periods (Period 1 to Period 4), and one-way ANOVA testing was done using SPSS Software.

Results: A total of 5,203 patients were treated between April 1997 and March 2018. A majority were from the suburbs of Surrey, Abbotsford, and Burnaby. Over each successive period, the number of patients increased (1,279 in Period 1 to 1,641 in Period 4), but the mean number of total procedures decreased (13.1 procedures per patient in Period 1 to 8.4 in Period 4, p<0.001). The mean number of restorative procedures was found to have decreased over the periods (4.4 per patient in Period 1 to 2.3 in Period 4, p<0.001). The mean number of preventive procedures also decreased over the four periods (4.3 per patient in Period 1 to 2.5 in Period 4, p<0.001).

Conclusions: The CDP has been providing dental care to children from many disadvantaged communities located in the Vancouver suburbs. Since its inception, the number of patients seen had increased, but the number of treatment procedures had decreased. Based on the interesting inverse trend of patients seen to procedures performed, the next step in this study will be to further investigate changes in the treatment needs of the population. The preventive component in patient care appeared to have decreased over the periods; further analyses will be done to determine the reasons. This will allow us to suggest valuable and timely improvements for the CDP. Last but not least, the method of using procedure codes to calculate treatment provision may be useful in epidemiology for indirectly quantifying a population’s treatment needs.

 

Dr. Kimberly Ngai, University of Toronto

Ex vivo evaluation of novel antimicrobial-containing adhesive systems for bacterial inhibition and secondary caries reduction

Kimberly Ngai1, Cameron Stewart1,2, Dennis Cvitkovitch1,2, Andreas Mandelis2,3, Benjamin Hatton2,4, Yoav Finer1,2
1Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON
2Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Ontario
3Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Ontario
4Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, Ontario

 

Objectives: Resin composite restorations fail prematurely within 5-7 years from placement, primarily due to bacterial attack and subsequent secondary caries formation. We previously developed drug-silica co-assembled particles (DSPs) utilizing the antimicrobial agent octenidine dihydrochloride as a template for long-term antimicrobial effect. The aim of this ex vivo study was to examine the efficacy of experimental total-etch and self-etch dental adhesives containing DSPs in 1) inhibiting interfacial bacterial biodegradation markers (biofilm formation, viability, and penetration), and 2) reducing the development of secondary caries.

Methods: Standardized specimens were prepared from commercial resin composite (Z250, 3M) bonded to human dentin using either modified commercial total-etch (DTE) (Scotchbond, 3M) or self-etch (DSE) (EasyBond, 3M) adhesives (experimental) loaded with 10% wt. DSPs, or control DSP-free commercial total-etch (TE) or self-etch (SE) adhesives.

Two experiments were conducted: 1) Specimens were incubated in simulated human salivary esterase media mimicking physiological oral conditions (37°C, pH=7) for 0, 90 and 180 days to induce interfacial biodegradation. Specimens were then suspended in a continuous flow biofilm fermenter inoculated with Streptococcus mutans UA159 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 11981 mimicking pathogenic oral conditions for 3 days. Biofilm formation, viability and penetration were measured using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) (Imaris, Bitplane). 2) Specimens were incubated for 7 days in sucrose-supplemented media and bacterial species as above. Volume of demineralization and cavitation were evaluated using micro-computed tomography (µCT). Two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test were used for statistical analyses (p<0.05).

Results: DTE specimens had a reduction in all bacterial biodegradation markers compared to controls at all time points (average reduction of 19.2 ±4.9%, 23.1 ±4.3%, and 15.5 ±5.6% in biomass, viability and penetration, respectively) (p<0.05). DSE specimens reduced bacterial biomass and viability (average 15 ±5.8% and 44.1 ±4.7%, respectively) at all time points (p<0.05), and reduced bacterial penetration at 6 months only (23 ±8.3%) (p<0.05). Initial µCT results show reduced cavitation/secondary caries formation in drug-containing specimens compared to controls.

Conclusions: Dental adhesives containing DSPs show reduced bacterial biofilm formation, viability and/or penetration versus controls. The reduction in these markers is expected to significantly impact the rate of secondary caries formation, as indicated by the preliminary µCT results. Completion of the µCT analyses will allow validation of CLSM as a predictive quantitative method for secondary caries formation. With increasing demands for aesthetic restorations in children, incorporation of antimicrobial activity into dental adhesives may be a promising strategy to improve the longevity of resin composite restorations.

 

Dr. Michael Rullo, University of Toledo Medical Center

Visits to the Emergency Department for Paediatric Dental Treatment

Introduction: Many patients with dental emergencies are seen in the hospital emergency department after regular dental service hours. It is not fully understood why these patients are seeking care at the hospital emergency department rather than calling their local dentist or other after-hours dental services. Previous studies investigated mostly adult populations and were retrospective from hospital records. This results in correlation-based conclusions rather than direct responses from the parents.
Dental related hospital emergency department visits burden the healthcare system costing 1.6 billion per year while the majority of these could be managed in community dental practices.1 Data from the ADA demonstrated a decline in adult utilization of the emergency department since 2000 however usage from the paediatric population has been left unchanged.2 When patients have a dental home this significantly reduces the usage of emergency services.2

Objective: The purpose of this current study was to determine why patients are utilizing hospital emergency departments for dental related emergencies when there is limited or no dental coverage available. It is hypothesized that patients from the Toledo and surrounding area are utilizing after hours hospital emergency services for dental emergencies because they do not know where to seek dental treatment after regular business hours.

Methods: This study is an observational cohort study. Data was collected utilizing a survey pertaining to the dental emergency. Inclusion criteria consisted of children under the age of 15 who presented to the University of Toledo Medical Center Hospital Emergency Department after hours for emergency dental treatment.

Results: Preliminary results show most emergencies are related to dental trauma (84.2%) compared to infection. Most patients are insured through government funded programs (94.7%) and 47.3% have a dental home. Most parents perceived the severity of the emergency to be high and came to the hospital emergency department to get an assessment less than 6hrs after the time of incident. 42.1% of respondents phoned a dentist before coming to the hospital emergency department. 52.6% presented to the hospital emergency department because they had no other option or could not get a hold of any dental care provider.

Conclusions: Parents do not have adequate access to after-hours dental emergency services even if they have a dental home. Parents with and without a dental home lack adequate knowledge regarding what to do when their child experiences a dental emergency. Most paediatric patient traumatic injuries tend to be perceived as serious by their parents.

Reference List
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Helen H. Lee, Charlotte W. Lewis, Babette Saltzman, Helene Starks. American Journal of
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Teresita E. Ladrillo, Martin H. Hobdell, Chantal Caviness. J Am Dent Assoc. March 2006;
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cluster analysis approach. Z. Marshman, T. Broomhead, H.D. Rodd, K. Jones, D. Burke, S.R.
Baker. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 2017; 45: 49-58
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Nicola J. Parten, Greig D. Taylor, Charlotte C. Currie, Justin Durham, Christopher R.
Vernazza. J Oral Rehabilitation 2019; 46; 46: 433-440
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dental pain. Douglas Von Kaenel, Dominic Vitangeli, Paul S. Casamassimo, Stephen Wilson,
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McCormick AP, Abutbaker AO, Laskin DM, Gonzales MS, Garland S. J Oral Maxilofacial
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2018 Abstracts, Banff, Alberta

• Edwin Chan, Survival of class III amalgam and composite restorations in primary cuspid teeth

• Lea Haikal, Tricalcium silicate-based cement (BiodentineTM) pulpotomies in permanent traumatised teeth with complicated fractures

• Tara Kennedy, The Association of Body Mass Index and Severe Early Childhood Caries in Young Children

• Rena Sihra, Effectiveness of Silver Diamine Fluoride (SDF) to Arrest Early Childhood Caries (ECC)

• Randa Soussou, Waiting Room Time: An Opportunity for Caregiver Oral Health Education

Edwin Chan

Survival of class III amalgam and composite restorations in primary cuspid teeth

Edwin Ka Meng Chan1, Paul Andrews1, Amir Azarpazhooh1, Michael Sigal1, Keith Titley1 1Graduate Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON

Background: There is minimal literature available on the longevity of intra-coronal direct restorations in primary cuspid teeth, limiting the ability of clinicians and patients to make evidence-based treatment decisions.

Objectives: The aim of this retrospective cohort study was to determine the survival of class III amalgam and composite restorations in primary canines.

Methods: A retrospective chart review was performed at the pediatric dental clinic at the University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. A total of 403 amalgam and 698 composite restorations placed in 603 patients between 1999 and 2017 were included in this study. Demographic and clinical information were collected from the charts for analysis.

Results: The median survival time of amalgam and composite was approximately 4.5 years and

3.8 years respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between the clinical survival of amalgam and composite (log-rank test: p=0.09, Wilcoxon: p=0.31). Amalgam was significantly less likely to fail due to recurrent caries versus composite with a relative risk of 0.35 (95% CI: 0.20, 0.61; p=0.02).

Conclusions: In this study, amalgam and composite restorations both demonstrate acceptable survival to be used as class III restorations in primary canines. Patients who are at high risk for caries may be candidates for amalgam restorations to increase the chance of survival and reduce the likelihood of recurrent decay. Long-term controlled prospective studies are recommended for further investigation.

Lea Haikal

Tricalcium silicate-based cement (BiodentineTM) pulpotomies in permanent traumatised teeth with complicated fractures

Objectives: The aim of this multicentric prospective study was to evaluate the clinical and radiographic outcomes of BiodentineTM (BD) pulpotomies on permanent traumatised teeth with pulp exposure.

Methods: This study was carried out in two hospital-based dental departments in Canada. Children seeking emergency care following trauma to anterior permanent teeth were invited to participate in this study. Medically compromised children and teeth with concomitant avulsion were excluded. Data collected included: patient demographics, time since pulp exposure, size of exposure, color of pulp tissue, associated trauma and radiographic root maturation stage. A standardized vital pulpotomy technique using BD was followed in both centers. The treatment outcome was assessed clinically and radiographically at 1 week, 1, 3, 6 and 12 months after treatment. Clinical success was determined when a tooth remained asymptomatic and when it responded positively to vitality testing. Radiographic success was determined as follow: formation of dentinal bridge, continuation of root maturation (apexogenesis) in immature teeth and normal appearance of periradicular tissues.

Results: Thirty-four patients between the age of 8 to 16 years old (mean 10.86 ± 2.2) were included in this study. There were 26 males and 13 females. A total of 39 teeth were treated with a BD vital pulpotomy. Average time since pulp exposure was 8.3 hours and average size of exposure was 1.6 millimeters. Thirteen teeth (33%) had an immature apex.

Preliminary results at six-month follow-up showed a survival rate of 100% and a success rate of 97%. One failure was noted one month post-treatment and the tooth was subsequently treated with root canal therapy. As per clinical outcomes, 94% of teeth responded positively to vitality testing at one month and 100% at six-month follow-up. Thirty three percent of teeth presented tooth sensitivity at one month and 15% at six-month follow-up. Five teeth showed slight discoloration, however the results remained esthetically satisfying. Radiographic outcomes showed dentinal bridge formation in 78% of cases. Nine (69%) immature teeth showed continued root formation.

Conclusions: BD is a suitable material for pulpotomies on anterior permanent traumatised teeth with a pulp exposure. It may be a good alternative to Mineral Trioxide Aggregate vital pulpotomies as it does not cause significant discoloration, and to root canal treatment as it can allow root maturation.

Tara Kennedy

The Association of Body Mass Index and Severe Early Childhood Caries in Young Children

Authors: T. Kennedy, C. Rodd, C. Daymont, ME. Moffatt, B. Mittermuller, S. Signh, C. Grant, A. Pierce, A. Letellier, M. Gusmini, RJ. Schroth

Objective: To evaluate the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and severe early childhood caries (S-ECC) in children undergoing general anesthesia (GA) for dental surgery in Winnipeg, Manitoba.

Methods: Children included in this study were recruited into a larger prospective investigation evaluating the variations in nutritional status and well-being following dental rehabilitation of S-ECC under GA. Parents provided written informed consent. Pre-operative height and weight measurements were obtained using a digital Detecto Pro-Doc scale and stadiometer. BMI Z-scores were calculated using the Canadian Pediatric Endocrine Group anthropometric calculators for World Health Organization (WHO) growth references. Operative reports were reviewed to calculate decayed, missing, filled, teeth/surfaces (dmft/dmfs) scores based on treatment rendered and to document numbers of pulpotomies and extractions. Approval was obtained from the University of Manitoba’s Health Research Ethics Board. Funding was provided by the Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, grant number: 317939,326300,2000. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics, bivariate tests, and correlation analysis to evaluate the association of BMI Z-score and severity of dental caries as defined by dmfs.

Results: Overall, 150 children with S-ECC were recruited; 52% female, with a mean age of 47.7±14.2 (mean±SD) months. The average dmfs was 40.2±17.5, with significantly higher dmfs found in males (45.5±17.1) than females (35.2±16.4) (p<0.001). A total of 42% participants were classified as at risk of overweight (18.7%), overweight (16.7%), or obese (6.6%) based on WHO growth charts (mean BMI Z- score=0.9±1.3, range:-2.2 – 4.2). Correlation analysis showed a significant positive relationship between BMI Z-score and dmfs (r =0.2 p=0.04) as well as number of anterior extractions (r=0.2; p<0.01). A negative relationship was found between posterior extractions and BMI z-score (r=-0.2; p=0.02).

Registered First Nations children had significantly higher BMI Z-scores (1.2±1.2 versus 0.4±1.3; p<0.001) and dmfs (43.8±17.5 versus 35.5±16.4; p<0.01) compared to all other children in the study.

Conclusions: Over 40% of children in this study are considered to be at risk for overweight, overweight, or obese; a finding previously reported in Manitoba. In this population, an increased BMI z-score was found to be associated with higher dmfs scores and greater need for anterior extractions. Further analysis is ongoing and will include multiple linear regression models to control for many of the confounding variables that are associated with both obesity and S-ECC.

Rena Sihra

Effectiveness of Silver Diamine Fluoride (SDF) to Arrest Early Childhood Caries (ECC)

Authors: R Sihra, M Bertone, H Martin, B Patterson, B Mittermuller, V Lee, ME Moffatt, J Edwards, P Dahl, G ‘tJong, L Dufour, K Hai-Santiago, M Fontana, L Robertson, RJ Schroth

Objectives: To determine the effectiveness of SDF to arrest ECC and to determine the association with oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL).

Methods: Children with active caries lesions in primary teeth were recruited from community clinics in Winnipeg, Manitoba. Following informed consent, parents completed a questionnaire. At baseline, soft cavitated lesions involving dentin (ICDAS 5 or 6) were treated with 38% SDF. Colour, size and hardness of lesions were recorded at each visit. Four months after the first visit, treated lesions were assessed to determine if they had arrested (black in colour and very hard dentin) and a second application of 38% SDF was provided. The early childhood oral health impact scale (ECOHIS) was completed at the second visit. Nine months following the baseline visit, children return for the third and final visit to assess whether treated lesions have arrested and to complete a follow-up questionnaire including a follow-up ECOHIS. All assessments were conducted by one examiner. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics (frequencies, means, arrest rates) and bivariate statistics (t tests).

Results: Forty-one children (mean age 41.7 ± 15.9 months) had a total of 241 caries lesions treated. To date, 37 children (48.7% male) with 216 lesions (109 posterior, 107 anterior) completed the second visit. Overall, 156 (72.2%) lesions were arrested after the first application of SDF (74 (67.9%) posterior, 82 (76.6%) anterior lesions). Difficulty in providing treatment due to compliance of the child was reported for 8 participants for whom the overall arrest rate was 47.9% versus 81.9% when no difficulty was reported (p=0.0025). The mean ECOHIS score at second visit was 4.1 ± 4.6 (range 0 to 20) out of a maximum score of 52, with higher scores indicating poorer OHRQoL. A total of 78.4% of parents reported that their child has never or hardly ever had pain in the mouth, teeth, or jaws. Data collection is ongoing and the final arrest rate will be determined once all third visits are completed.

Conclusions: Preliminary results suggest that SDF may be effective in arresting caries in children with ECC, but behavior may influence the success of SDF.

Operating funds were provided by the University of Manitoba and from Dr. Schroth’s CIHR Embedded Clinician Research award.

Randa Soussou

Waiting Room Time: An Opportunity for Caregiver Oral Health Education 

Research Advisor: Dr. Jolanta Aleksejūnienė

Research Committee: Dr. Rosamund Harrison and Dr. Komkham Pattanaporn

Department of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, 

Objectives:

For several decades, senior UBC dental students have provided free dental treatment for low income children in the UBC Children’s Dental Program (CDP). However, dental students have limited time to provide oral health education and counselling to accompanying caregivers during care visits. Therefore, the present work aimed to develop a ʺwaiting-room basedʺ dental health education program (DHEP) and assess its short-term effectiveness in changing parents’ dental health-related behaviours (“dental behaviours”).

Methods:

The PRECEDE-PROCEED theoretical model was used to develop and evaluate the program. Overall, the project had three distinct phases: preparation, intervention and evaluation.

Preparation (Phase 1) involved a situational analysis (SA) which informed the DHEP design. Structured interviews were conducted with caregivers and various stakeholders of the CDP, including Health Authority Staff, UBC Pediatric Dentistry instructors and participating dental students.

Information gathered from the SA was used to design the Intervention (Phase 2) which was delivered by one individual in the waiting rooms at UBC’s two children’s dental clinics. During the intervention, each caregiver set personalized goals for changing their child’s “dental behaviours”. For Evaluation (Phase 3), caregivers were contacted by telephone, 2 to 3 months

after counselling, to follow-up on their personalized goals and document their self-reported children’s “dental behaviours”.

Comparisons were made using Chi-square tests; significance was set at P<0.05.

Results:

For Phase 1; 97 caregivers, 42 dental students, 5 HA staff and 8 instructors were interviewed. The majority of caregivers were new immigrants to Canada, had language barriers and limited dental awareness. Their preference was for one-on-one counselling supported by visuals. Input of our other informants supported such an approach.

Of the Phase 2 cohort of 80 caregivers who received DHEP, the follow-up rate for Phase 3 was 81% (67/80). Significant increases in proportions (12% to 79%) of caregivers reported that they were brushing their children’s teeth and brushing before bed (54% to 85%). Improvement in child’s snacking habits was also reported. Further, most caregivers reported providing a sweet treat as “dessert” with the meal, rather than an “in-between meal” snack. Decreases (from 93% to 69%) in giving children sugar-containing beverages and in consuming sugar-containing foods as snacks (from 94% to 31%) were also noted. All changes were significant at P < 0.05

Conclusion:

Waiting-room based counselling, developed with the input of caregivers and other stakeholders, demonstrated measurable short-term success promoting change in oral health behaviours like home care and snacking habits. Caregivers participated enthusiastically.

2014 Abstracts, Montreal, Quebec

 

Evaluating Parents' and Pediatricians' Awareness of the Cariogenicity of Pediasure                                                                       Emily Lin Jun Chen, D.M.D., Janna Danbe, D.M.D., Nuntiya Kakanantadilok, D.M.D.
Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, U.S.A.       

Objectives:
1) Determine reasons why parents give Pediasure (nutritional supplement) to their children,
2) Investigate how parents use this product, 
3) Determine what information pediatricians provide to their patients for use of the nutritional supplement,
4) Evaluate pediatricians' knowledge of the cariogenicity of the nutritional supplement.

Methods:     
A survey was administered to the parents of patients at the Montefiore Medical Center Pediatric Dental Clinics, who reported their child’s usage of the nutritional supplement. The goal of the survey was to evaluate the parents’ knowledge of the nutritional supplement as a potential caries risk factor, similar to other sugary beverages. The questionnaire helped determine why patients were using the nutritional supplement and what type of professional anticipatory guidance they had received regarding its use, if any. Similarly, a survey was administered to pediatric medicine residents and pediatricians at Montefiore Medical Center (who treat the same patient population) to determine what information and or instructions were given regarding the consumption of the nutritional supplement.

Results and Conclusions:
This study demonstrated the need to discuss nutritional supplement usage at dental visits as part of routine anticipatory guidance, in an effort to reduce patient’s dental caries risk.  Neither parents nor pediatricians were aware of the relative sugar content of the nutritional supplement compared to other beverages known for their high sugar contents. Parents were unaware that this nutritional supplement is cariogenic, and they were giving the nutritional supplement because they were concerned about their child not eating enough. They did not routinely discuss the usage of the nutritional supplement and caries prevention with their child’s pediatrician. Pediatricians did not routinely provide oral hygiene counseling for patients using the nutritional supplement. Pediatricians should include oral hygiene counseling and discuss the cariogenicity of the nutritional supplement, as part of their routine anticipatory guidance. 73% of parents who purchased the nutritional supplement without the pediatrician’s recommendation, were willing to discontinue product usage, when informed of the cariogenicity.

Changes in parental behavior depend on the pediatric dentist providing anticipatory guidance that includes nutritional counseling.  Dentists must ask about the use of these products.

       
Trends in Caries-Related Emergency Visits to a Paediatric Hospital

Molly Ehrlich, DMD
Committee Members: Drs. Edward Barrett, Kathy Boutis, Michael Casas and Carlos Quiñonez

Objectives:
The aim of this study was to determine the annual frequency of children who presented to a tertiary care pediatric hospital with a caries-related emergency complaint over a ten-year period. The secondary aims of this study were to determine the demographic characteristics of the families that presented to the hospital, the types of caries-related emergency complaints, the treatment provided and the costs associated with providing this care.

Methods:
A retrospective review of the health records of all children who presented to SickKids with caries-related emergency complaints from January 1, 2003 to December 31, 2012 was completed. Records were reviewed and data abstracted on: patient demographics, presenting complaints, co-morbidity, dental imaging, dental treatments, final diagnosis and patient disposition.  Patients seen in 2007- 2012 had additional information collected including wait times (total time spent in the emergency department), Comprehensive Ambulatory Classification System (CACS) grouping, Resource Intensity Weight (RIW), catchment area and direct and indirect costs associated with care. Time series analysis will be used to explore trends and patterns within the data. Descriptive statistics will be calculated, including the mean and standard deviation for quantitative measures such as age, neighborhood income quintile and deprivation index quintile. Frequencies of chief complaints, diagnoses and treatments rendered will be calculated and compared by year of presentation. Mean cost of treatment, cumulative total costs and total time spent in the emergency department will be calculated and compared by year of presentation.

Results:
The results are pending.  Data collection is currently underway and planned to be completed by August, 2014.

Conclusions:
Conclusions are pending.
      
      

Oral Inflammatory Load as a Risk Factor for Spontaneous Preterm Birth in Women at Risk of Preterm Delivery

Marie-Lyne Gosselin, DMD
Supervisor: Dr. Michael Sigal, Dr. Howard Tenenbaum, Dr Michael Glogauer
Committee Members: Dr Wendy Whittle, Dr Amir Azarpazhooh, Dr Michael Goldberg
       
Objectives:
The primary aim of this study was to explore the possible association between oral inflammatory load  (OIL) and spontaneous preterm birth (PTB) in pregnant women who are at risk of preterm delivery by evaluating their exposure to indicators of OIL. This study also aimed to compare oral neutrophils counts in pregnant women at risk of spontaneous preterm delivery with oral neutrophil counts in pregnant women with no foreseeable risk of spontaneous preterm delivery.
       
Methods:
Following specific inclusion and exclusion criteria, pregnant women at risk for PTB were recruited to participate in this prospective cohort study. The cells from oral rinse samples provided by the participants were stained with acridine orange, and neutrophil counts (primary exposure variable), were carried out visually by using a fluorescence microscope and a hemocytometer and via spectroscopy. Traditional and non-invasive assessment measures of periodontal health were also recorded and a blood sample was collected to assess the MMP-9 and the fetuin (Ahsg) serum level (secondary exposure variables). Pregnancy outcome along with demographic, dental and medical data were collected using a questionnaire, the antenatal dental chart, the delivery records and a post-delivery phone call questionnaire.

Results:
The results are pending. Statistical measures of risk will be calculated to measure the risk of PTB following the exposure to the observed variables. To control for confounders, a multiple logistic regression analysis will be executed.

Conclusion:
This study will bring about a deeper understanding of the possible relation between OIL, related to periodontal inflammation that could include either or both periodontitis and gingivitis, in pregnant women at high risk for PTB and overall birth outcomes.  By relying principally on non-invasive, fast and straightforward tools for assessment of OIL, this approach could be used, even by those without dental training, to identify women at  risk for PTB.

 

 

COMPOSITE BOND STRENGTH OF ONE AND TWO - STEP ADHESIVE SYSTEMS USED FOR RESTORATIONS ON PRIMARY TEETH USING VARYING ACID ETCH APPLICATION TIMES.

Brad Klus, University of Manitoba
The objective of this study was to determine whether the composite bond strength acquired using a single step self-etching bonding system is as or more effective when compared to the two step etch-rinse-bond system at clinically relevant in-vitro standards.

A total of 80 extracted human deciduous with at least one intact smooth surface were collected with parental consent. Collected teeth were randomly assigned to one of four treatment protocols (n=20): single step self-etch (Adper Prompt L-Pop, 3M ESPE), two step etch (15s)-rinse-bond (Optibond Solo Plus, Kerr), single step self etch (Adper Prompt L Pop, 3M ESPE) with 30s pre-etch, and two step etch (30s)-rinse-bond (Optibond Solo Plus, Kerr). A composite cylinder of uniform shape was bonded to each tooth using the designated adhesive system and specimens were tested with a universal testing machine. Descriptive statistics and statistical analysis was performed.

Median shear bond strengths for all specimens, regardless of treatment group, ranged from 3.25 MPa to 43.13 MPa. These values are above suggested minimum clinical required values of 3MPa. A Kruskal-Wallis analysis between treatment groups found statistical significance (p<0.05) for shear bond strength between the groups and both one step system protocols, had higher mean and median shear bond strength values than the two step systems.

An adhesive remnant index (ARI) was analyzed to confirm uniform adhesive fracture between all four treatment groups. Both a Fisher’s exact test, and a Hantel-Haenszel statistic found no significant difference (p<0.05) between the samples.

Based on these findings we concluded that:
1. The ARI score for all treatment groups was not statistically significant, suggesting that the type of bond breakage was consistent regardless of adhesive system used.
2. Both Optibond Solo Plus and Adper Prompt L-Pop systems achieve adequate shear bond strengths as described by current literature.
3. The use of a one-step system to save chair time and aid in patient behavior management may be clinically useful

 

Effect of anticipatory guidance on the presence of cariogenic bacteria in preschool children
       

Nick Lekic, University of Manitoba

Objectives: This study was designed to address whether or not the level (high or low) of Streptococcus mutans in the saliva of preschool children can be used as an indicator of caries risk. 

Material and Methods: Levels of Streptococcus mutans was assessed in saliva of 100 preschool children, before and approximately 6-months after receiving a health promotion intervention known as anticipatory guidance. The S. mutans bacterial level was assessed using an immunoassay system (Saliva-Check MUTANS) based on monoclonal antibody technology. Bacterial counts were determined at baseline as well as at a six month recall examination. Obtained data was analyzed using SPSS 20.0 for Windows to report frequencies and to look for trends and associations between the dependent and independent variables. Bivariate analysis (ANOVA, Chi Square/Fishers/McNemar exact test) was used to identify associations between variables. 

Results: The main finding of this study was that higher levels of Streptococcus mutans were associated with higher caries prevalence at baseline, and caries incidence at follow-up. Furthermore following anticipatory guidance, the levels of Streptococcus mutans were reduced at the subsequent follow-up examination, approaching but not reaching statistical significance, and caries incidence was significantly lower in subjects demonstrating low Streptococcus mutans levels.

Conclusions: Results from this study have shown that anticipatory guidance, offered to caregivers and children at an initial examination, led to a reduction in the proportion of children with high Streptococcus mutans levels upon recall six months later. Children with low Streptococcus mutans levels were also less likely to develop new dental caries. These findings suggest that Streptococcus Mutans counts could be used to assess caries risk and encourages clinicians to provide anticipatory guidance to their patients to help avoid the development of new caries.

 

  “But they stole her teeth.”  Developmentally disabled adults seek dental care

 

Salmasi A*, Harrison R, Brondani M, Rush J

Department of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver

Objectives: Dental services for children and adolescents with special health care needs, such as developmental disabilities, are reasonably accessible in tertiary care hospital dental departments and in the private offices of pediatric dentists.  However, once these young people become  adults, accessing dental care is often problematic.  This qualitative study explored the experiences of adults with developmental disabilities (AWDD) accessing dental services in metro Vancouver. 

Methods: This research used a qualitative, deductive approach.  Recruitment of participants was facilitated by AWDD service organizations and family support groups. Time was devoted to engaging and building relationships with participants before beginning the research.  Consent was obtained from each participant. The focus groups were guided by open-ended questions, audiotaped and then transcribed.  Each focus group lasted, on average, forty minutes. Participants were either “self-advocates” (AWDD who speak or act on behalf of themselves or others on issues that affect people with disabilities) or caregivers (usually parents). Each transcript was read, re-read and coded.  These codes were organized into categories and finally into domains.

Results: Five focus groups with twenty participants were conducted. Seven main domains relating to the experiences of AWDD self-advocate and their family members with dental care providers were identified. These domains were communication, trust, respect, financial issues, transitional services, waiting times and, finally, what makes for a “positive dental experience”.

Conclusions:  The cost of dental care and the need for enhancing government dental benefits for AWDD were concerns expressed primarily by family members. However, problems with communication between dental professionals and AWDDs and respect for the personal autonomy of AWDD  were identified by self-advocates and their carers as issues of concern in the quest for dental care. Ideas for a more positive dental experience were suggested with the hope that these ideas will eventually be communicated to dental providers.

Acknowledgements:  Project funded by BC Dental Association and Canadian Fund for Dental Education.

       

Esthetic Crown Options for the Primary Dentition within Post-Doctoral Residency Programs

Bradford Scheideman, DMD, Jacobi Medical Center

Purpose: To compare the attitude, usage and training of esthetic, full-coverage restorative treatment options in the primary dentition among pediatric dentistry residents and program directors.

Methods: Utilizing an email list from the AAPD, two questionnaires were sent to 907 pediatric dentistry residents and 108 pediatric dentistry program directors. Both surveys investigated the utilization, the learning opportunities provided to the residents, the perceived limitations, and the personal experience of different esthetic, full coverage restorative treatment options. Results were analyzed using standard accepted statistical analysis.

Results: Most pediatric dentistry residencies offer a variety of esthetic, full coverage primary restorative options for anterior teeth, while the majority of programs do not offer any esthetic restorative treatment options for posterior teeth. Residents and dentists both agree that esthetics in the primary dentition are important to parents and pediatric dental residents. There are many barriers to new esthetic primary restorative treatment options. Barriers to zirconia crowns (ZC) include cost, retention, lack of research, lack of personal knowledge/experience, fracture, removal of excess tooth structure, and excess time to place. The major barriers of preveneered SSCs (PVSSC) include patient dissatisfaction and risk of fracture.

Conclusion: Pediatric Dentistry Residencies are adapting to a more esthetic approach for full coverage primary dental restorations. There is a discrepancy between what the director’s state the residents are able to offer in terms of esthetic restorations and what the residents provide to the patients. There is also a discrepancy between the residents’ clinical training and the reported clinical experience in esthetic restorations. The majority of residents are able to learn about PVSSC from faculty members but rely on manufacturer prepared material to educate the residents on ZC. There are several barriers to ZC that need to be addressed before they are universally incorporated into routine restorative procedures by pediatric dentists and residencies.
               

Life-long tooth replacement in the leopard gecko (Eublepharis macularius)
      
Wong, Andrew C.1 Grieco, Theresa M. 1 Richman, Joy M.1

Life Sciences Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada

Background: The tooth replacement pattern of the human dentition is characteristic in terms of timing however the understanding of what controls the transition from primary to permanent dentition is lacking. Moreover it is not clear why humans can only replace their teeth once while other animals such as reptiles can replace their teeth throughout life. One potential pathway involved in tooth replacement is the Wingless signalling pathway (Wnt), which leads to uncontrolled budding of supernumerary teeth Gardner’s syndrome in humans.

Objectives: 1) To develop a reptile model, the leopard gecko, in order to study tooth replacement in real-time in vivo. 2) To measure the effect of LiCl, an activator of Wnt signaling, on tooth replacement in longitudinal studies.

Methods: Upper dental arch wax bites of 3 adult leopard geckos were taken weekly. The present/missing teeth were recorded over an 8 month period. The palate was injected bilaterally with LiCl or the control, Sodium Chloride (NaCl), at certain intervals. Post-euthanization, the upper and lower arches were evaluated using Micro CT imaging and with histology.

 

Results: The average replacement frequency per tooth was 7 weeks and there were 42 teeth per quadrant. Slower cycling teeth were interspersed between faster cycling teeth. A posterior-to-anterior wave of replacement emerged but was inconsistent. Additionally, there was limited replacement symmetry between right and left sides. LiCl disrupted the replacement pattern at varying times as the posterior-to-anterior waves became irregular.

Conclusions: Posterior-to-anterior waves of replacement present at certain intervals but repeating coordination of replacement is not readily apparent. LiCl caused irregularity in the replacement wave suggesting Wnt signaling may regulated the natural process of  tooth replacement.

Acknowledgements: Supported by Faculty of Dentistry Research funds and an NSERC Discovery grant to JMR (RGPIN 326908)                             
    
       
Quantifying facial morphogenesis in 3D using Optical Projection Tomography

       

Woo, JM2*, Richman, JM1,2
1Life Sciences Institute, 2Faculty of Dentistry, Division of Pediatric Dentistry. University
of British Columbia

Objectives: In order to study abnormal facial development, reference standards of normal development are required. It is challenging to obtain 3D data on early embryos, since they are comprised of non-differentiated tissue. We used optical projection tomography (OPT) (Bioptonics, UK), which images transparent specimens with UV light. Here we used carefully staged chicken embryos to measure facial morphogenesis over time.

 

Methods: Chicken eggs (n=32) were incubated for 3.5-6 days (stage 20, 24, 28, 29). Embryo heads were fixed in 10% formaldehyde, embedded in agarose blocks, dehydrated in methanol, and then cleared in Benzyl Alcohol Benzyl Benzoate 2:1. Embryos were scanned with the OPT, images were reconstructed, and then the head was digitally resliced in the frontal plane using NRecon and CTan. Resliced files were imported into Amira software, and facial prominences were outlined, and isosurfaces were created. Volumetric measurements were assessed using Amira. Landmarks were applied to the outer surface of each prominence using Landmark. The landmarks were then superimposed from different embryos using MorphoJ, whereby they underwent Procrustes Superimposition (PS), Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Canonical Variate Analysis (CVA), and Discriminant Function Analaysis (DFA).

Results: Traditional morphometrics revealed that the greatest amount of growth was a 24-fold difference in volume of the lateral nasal prominence between stages 20 and 29, followed by the maxillary, mandibular, and frontonasal mass. The ratio length/width shows that there was a 3-fold difference in the frontonasal mass between stages 20 and 29. Geometric morphometrics revealed that embryonic facial prominences grow isometrically until stage 24 except the maxillary prominence which grows till stage 28. Afterwards, facial prominences grew allometrically. Shape changes were observed in all three axes. The frontonasal mass narrowed mediolaterally, and lengthened superioinferiorly and proximodistally. The lateral nasal and maxillary prominences both grew more proximodistally and mediolaterally, and had minimal growth superioinferiorly. The mandibular prominence grew mainly superioinferiorly, and had minimal growth mediolaterally and proximodistally.

Conclusion: Embryonic chicken facial prominences undergo allometric growth. Each prominence varies in dimensional changes with respective stage, with the frontonasal mass and mandibular prominence having the greatest dimensional change.

Acknowledgements: This work was funded by Faculty of Dentistry research funds and CIHR operating grants to JMR.

2013 Abstracts, Vancouver, British Columbia

2nd Year

3rd Year

2011 3M ESPE Graduate Student Research Presentations

Four Canadian graduate students in pediatric dentistry participated in the 3M ESPE Graduate Student Research Presentations, held during the Canadian Academy of Pediatric Dentistry (CAPD) Annual General Meeting in Edmonton in September, 2011. The graduate students presented their research to a panel of judges, and the winning student was awarded a $1000 cash prize.

Dr. Tabitha Chng, winner of the 3M-ESPE Graduate Student Presentations and Mr. Garrett LeBlanc, 3M-ESPE Representative.		Dr. Tabitha Chng, winner of the 3M-ESPE Graduate Student Presentations,       Mr. Garrett Leblanc and Dr. Zahra Kurji, Chair of Scientific Committee

2011 Abstracts, Edmonton, Alberta

The following are condensed versions of the abstracts submitted for the 2011 pediatric dental research event.

FIRST PRIZE

Dr. Tabitha Chng

 

Title:  GLUT2 and TAS1R2 genotype and risk of dental caries

Authors: Tabitha Chng^, Ahmed El-Sohemy^, Daiva Nielsen^, Christine Wessman, Karen Eny, Gajanan Kulkarni

 

Introduction: The microbiological and environmental contribution to dental caries has been extensively studied. However, the relative contribution of genetic predispositions has not been clearly defined. Genetic polymorphisms in the TAS1R2 (Ile191Val) and GLUT2 (Thr110Ile) genes have recently been associated with habitual sugar consumption with carriers of the Ile allele of GLUT2 having higher sugar consumption and carriers of the Val allele of TAS1R2 having lower sugar consumption. However, the association between these genetic variants and dental caries has not yet been examined.   

Objectives: To determine whether a common polymorphism in the TAS1R2 and GLUT2 genes is associated with dental caries.

Methods: 80 healthy Caucasian individuals, aged 21-31 years old, who were previously genotyped for the TAS1R2 and GLUT2 polymorphisms through the Toronto Nutrigenomics and Health Study, were recruited.  A clinical and radiographic examination was conducted by a single examiner who was blinded to the genotype of the participants.  To assess caries prevalence, three different caries scores were determined: DMFT (Decayed, Missing, and Filled teeth), DMFT+radiographs and ICDAS (International Caries Detection and Assessment System). Associations between genotype and caries incidence were analysed analyzed Student’s t test.

Results: A significant increase in DMFT scores (mean ± SEM) (4.32±0.43 vs. 6.13±1.24, p=0.04) was shown in carriers of the Ile allele of GLUT2. Carriers of the TAS1R2 gene polymorphism consistently demonstrated lower caries scores: DMFT (4.14±0.47 vs. 5.78±0.89, p=0.05), DMFT+radiographs (4.93±0.57 vs. 7.53±0.91, p=0.01), and ICDAS (19.52±2.15 vs. 26.14±2.82, p=0.03).  

Conclusion: The results suggest that variation in the GLUT2 and TAS1R2 genes are associated with risk of dental caries. Further analysis using the genome-wide association study (GWAS) approach is planned next to identify other polymorphisms associated with caries risk. Further studies targeting children with early childhood caries and validation of the current results in a pediatric population are needed.

 

Dr. Sabrina Huda

 

Title:  Novel oral rinse assay for the quantification of oral neutrophils and comparison to the standard periodontal exam in pregnant women

 

Authors: Dr. Sabrina Huda, Dr Howard Tenenbaum, Dr Wendy Whittle, Dr Michael Glogauer, Dr Herenia Lawrence, Dr Michael Goldberg

 

Background:  Current studies suggest that periodontal disease is associated with an increased risk of preterm birth and low birth weight infants. Periodontal diagnosis relies on intraoral visual clinical factors that include redness, bleeding, probing depths, attachment loss and amount of plaque and calculus. A simple test that identifies pregnant women at increased risk of adverse outcome due to periodontal disease would be valuable.

Objectives: To develop a valid and reliable tool to measure periodontal inflammatory disease in pregnant women. To determine the salivary neutrophil counts in pregnant women using a new non-invasive oral rinse assay.  To assess their periodontal health status using this neutrophil quantification assay and conventional methods. To validate the assay as a quantitative measure of periodontal inflammatory disease in pregnant women.

Methods: Periodontal examinations of pregnant women were performed (preliminary n = 36). 10 ml saline rinse for 15 seconds, were collected.  Neutrophils were counted in each rinse.  ABTS, a colour changing redox agent, was added. The intensity of the colour reaction was measured by absorbance. Descriptive statistics and Spearman’s correlation were calculated to assess preliminary results.

Results: Preliminary results showed a significant positive correlation between neutrophils counts and periodontal disease severity as measured by bleeding on probing (r_s = 0.70; p <0.01) and the modified gingival index (r = 0.57; p <0.01).

Conclusions: Preliminary results suggest a correlation between neutrophils and periodontal disease in pregnant women. The rinse assay may be used as a screening test for periodontal inflammation in pregnant women.

 

Dr. Anita Moosani

 

Title:Evaluation of an Oral Swab Assay as a Quantitative Measure of Periodontal Inflammation in Patients with Special Needs

 

INVESTIGATORS:

Dr. Anita Moosani, Dr. Michael J. Sigal, Dr. Howard C. Tenenbaum, Dr. Michael Glogauer

Dr. Herenia P. Lawrence, Dr. Michael Goldberg

Objectives:

Patients with special needs have a high prevalence of oral disease, which can be difficult to diagnose with conventional dental instruments due to lack of cooperativity, resulting in the use of subjective measures for periodontal disease, unless patients are examined under general anaesthesia. Measurement of oral neutrophil levels may serve as an objective measure of periodontal health status. This study aims to validate and assess the feasibility of using an oral swab assay of oral neutrophils as a quantitative measure of periodontal inflammation in uncooperative patients with special needs.

Methods: Patients scheduled for comprehensive dental treatment under general anaesthesia at Toronto’s Mount Sinai Hospital Dental Program for Persons with Disabilities were included in this study. A periodontal examination using a periodontal probe was done under general anaesthesia and oral swabs were obtained to show that measurable counts of oral neutrophils could be attained. These measurements were then compared to neutrophil counts taken from the oral swabs done later at the patient’s recall examination. Oral neutrophils obtained from the oral swabs were measured using the FLUOstar Optima software.

Results: Sample size calculations indicated that 44 patients are required for this study, and 49 have been assessed under general anaesthesia thus far. Data collection during recall examinations is still in progress, and will allow statistical comparisons between periodontal parameters and oral neutrophil counts taken during the general anaesthetic and recall examinations. Descriptive statistics will be used to determine the evaluators’ ability to acquire the oral swab data in an ambulatory dental clinic for patients with special needs.

Conclusions: Oral neutrophil counts derived from swabs are expected to correlate significantly with conventional parameters of gingival inflammation and provide a standardized method for clinical measurement, thus overcoming the problem of subjectivity encountered with conventional measures in the special needs population.

 

 

Dr.  Lori Waichenberg

Title: A retrospective analysis of the success of fixed space maintainers in a private pediatric dental setting and a survey of the use of fixed space maintainers among pediatric dentists and orthodontists

 

Dr. Lori Waichenberg, Dr. Paul Andrews; Dr. Michael Sigal; Dr. Keith Titley; and Dr. Bryan Tompson

 

Space management of the developing dentition is an important part of interceptive and preventive dental care.  Though the published success rates are generally low, many of these studies are based on data from multiple student operators As such, it would be beneficial to present data from a single practitioner on the success and longevity of fixed space maintainers (spms) under a strict protocol in a private practice setting. Furthermore, it would be informative to document the prevailing attitudes of a representative sample of North American pediatric dentists and orthodontists regarding their personal experience with fixed spms.  

Objectives: To evaluate the success and longevity of fixed space maintainers placed by a sole dental practitioner in a private pediatric dental office. To evaluate the use of, attitudes toward, and perceived difficulties with fixed space maintainers by a representative sample of North American pediatric dentists and orthodontists.

Experimental Methods: A retrospective chart review of patients who had fixed space maintainers placed between 2000-2010 at a private pediatric dental practice was conducted.  A total of 898 appliances were included in the study.  A web-based online survey was sent out to a random sample of 1000 pediatric dentists and 1000 orthodontists regarding their use of fixed spms.

Statistical Analyses: For the chart review, descriptive statistics, a Cox regression analysis, and survival curves were generated.  A log-rank test was used to assess the equality of the survival distributions. For the survey study, the results were compiled and analyzed and visual summaries of the responses were generated.

Results: The overall success rate for the spms studied was 86.7%.  The overall survival time for the spms was 205 days, with the band and loop showing the longest survival. The response rate for the survey for the pediatric dentist was 42%, but for the orthodontists was only 6.9%.  The vast majority of pediatric dentists and orthodontists place fixed spms in their practice (99.8% and 97%, respectively). The most common reason for failure was cited as cement loss by the pediatric dentists (47.3%) and breakage was cited as the most common reason by the orthodontists (30.4% ).

Conclusions: Fixed spms had a high success rate and were used by the vast majority of pediatric dentists and orthodontists.  They should be recommended for use in patients whenever indicated.

2009 Abstracts, Victoria, British Columbia

DENTAL CLEANINGS AND PNEUMONIA INCIDENCE

AMONG CHILDREN WITH CEREBRAL PALSY

Student: Tim Seto (University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI)

 

Objectives: Investigate the relationship between pneumonia and dental cleanings in a pediatric population with cerebral palsy (CP) and test the null hypothesis that children with CP are not at increased risk for pneumonia when receiving dental cleanings.

 

Methods: Analyzed pneumonia claims from Michigan State's Medicaid database for a 5-year period (January 2001-December 2005).  Patients aged 3 to 18 years with CP were included.  Outcome of interest was the presence of greater than or equal to 1 claim for pneumonia (International Classification of Disease, Clinical Modification 9^th edition - 480 to 486 or 487.0) within 14 days of a prior dental cleaning (Current Dental Terminology 1110, 1120, 4341, 4355).  Multivariate time-dependent logistic regression was used to determine factors associated with pneumonia events.  Potential risk factors evaluated in the regression model include demographic variables: age at entry of study, area of residence (i.e. urban vs. rural), and, the presence of medical conditions: esophagogastric fundoplasty, gastroesophageal reflux, asthma, gastrostomy feeding tube, dysphagia, epilepsy.

 

Results: 7079 children were eligible for this study with the mean age at entry of study of 7.75 years old.  Among these children, 871 (12%) had greater than or equal to 1 claim for pneumonia during the study period.  Only 17 children reported claims of pneumonia within 14 days and 37 children after 30 days of a dental cleaning.  Regression analysis revealed significant risk factors for pneumonia, including dysphagia (OR 2.26), asthma (OR 2.19), gastrosophageal reflux (OR 1.58) and epilepsy (OR 1.43).  Significant non-medical associations with pneumonia include age at entry of study (OR 0.95) and rural area of residence (OR 1.35).

 

Conclusions: No association between dental cleanings and pneumonia events could be demonstrated in CP children aged 3 to 18.  Dysphagia, asthma, gastrosophageal reflux, and epilepsy are more important risk factors than dental cleanings for pneumonia.

 

(Dr. Seto was the first place winner of the 2009 3MESPE prize)

PEDIATRIC DENTISTS' BEHAVIOUR MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS

WITH AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER

Student: Dr. Evan Zaretsky (University of Toronto)

 

Objectives:  The purpose of the present study was to asses which specific behaviour management skills pediatric dentists are using and find effective in working with their patients with Autism Spectrum Disorders, ASD, and to highlight specific influences whether educational, environmental or experiential which contribute to their skills in advanced behaviour management.

 

Methods: Surveys were mailed to all Canadian and select American members of the AAPD, with an invitation to participate in the research either via direct mailing or online.  The survey tool had two sections: Personal and Professional Background; and the Behaviour Management Technique Rating Scale, BMTRS. The BMTRS asks respondents to indicate their frequency of use, and perceived effectiveness of 23 different behaviour management techniques. Responses were collected over 10 weeks and will subsequently be analyzed to describe the previously noted relationships.

 

Results: A total of 837, subjects replied to the survey, a response rate of 50.1%. Although statistical analysis is still pending, several trends were noted. Over 60% of the subjects see autistic patients weekly or more often. Over 40% of respondents say that they use inhalation sedation often or regularly, and more than 2/3 felt it was at best, somewhat useful. Conversely, traditional approaches, such as Tell-Show-Do, are used regularly by 60%, but only 43% considered it useful. Meanwhile, modern techniques, such as filmed modelling, are untried by over 90% of respondents. A resounding 71% believe that more continuing education with regards to ASD would be valuable.

 

Conclusions: Pediatric dentists recognize a need for further education in the field of behaviour management, specifically in regards to ASD. Pharmacologic and traditional techniques, like voice modulation, are widely used, but may not be effective. Many new approaches, such as sensory stimulation, have been documented in the literature, yet remain largely unutilized for reasons, such as time and costs involved.

ASSESSMENT OF PARENTAL SATISFACTION WITH DENTAL TREATMENT

UNDER GENERAL ANESTHESIA IN PEDIATRIC DENTISTRY

 

Student: Dr. Ngoc Luong (University of Toronto)

Supervisors: Dr. B. Saltzman, Dr. M. Sigal, Dr. D. Haas, Dr. M. Casas

 

Objectives: To identify and compare pre-treatment and post-treatment parental expectations and satisfaction concerning their child's dental care under general anaesthesia. Participant characteristics were also investigated.

 

Methods: Questionnaires were administered to 100 parents who had attended the pre-operative anaesthesia consultation (pre-treatment group) and to 100 parents who had returned for post-operative reassessment (post-treatment group). Participants were asked to rate the importance and frequency of each event on a four point Likert Scale. Parents were also asked to complete a participant character information form. A score was calculated for each item in the questionnaires by multiplying the item's mean "importance rating" and the item's mean "expectation rating" and the items were ranked by scores.

 

Results: To date, complete responses were obtained from 69 parents in the pre-treatment group and 77 parents in the post-treatment group. In each group, the highest ranked elements were those representing information and communication. (Additional data and statistical analyses will be reported in the future)

 

Conclusion:

Our initial results reinforce the value that parents place in adequate communication and provision of information in dental treatment under general anaesthesia. 

ORAL DISEASE PREVALENCE AND RELATIONSHIP TO

ORAL NEUTROPHIL LEVELS AND FUNCTION IN NEUTROPENIA

Student: Dr. Michael Park (University of Toronto)

Primary Supervisor: Dr. Michael Glogauer

Supervisory Committee: Dr. Yigal Dror, Dr Michael Sigal and Dr. Howard Tenenbaum

 

Historically, case reports and studies that have looked at the oral manifestations of neutropenia have documented advanced periodontal disease, premature loss of teeth and ulcerations upon initial presentation. Patients with neutropenia are treated routinely with granulocyte-colony stimulating factor to increase their levels of circulating neutrophils. However, no follow up studies have been carried out which report on the oral health status of these patients during their active haematological treatment.

 

Objectives: To assess the oral health of children with neutropenia.

 

Methods: Children with neutropenia between the ages of 6-18 attending the Hospital for Sick Children were asked to participate in the study. Participants also underwent an oral and radiographic examination.

 

Preliminary

Results:

Preliminary data suggest that oral health and neutrophil function are maintained for most patients receiving CSF therapy.